Tissue Culture Implementation
Arya Wira
Wardhana/21025010035/A
Biooteknologi
The genetic improvement
of wheat has traditionally been achieved through sexual hybridization between
related species, resulting in numerous cultivars with high yields and superior
agronomic performance. Conventional plant breeding, sometimes combined with
classical cytogenetic techniques, continues to be the primary method of cereal
crop improvement. Given the worldwide predominance of cereal grains in the
human diet, cereal crops quickly emerged as prime targets for improvement by
genetic transformation. Wheat genetic processing technology has progressed
rapidly during the last decade. Initially, the genetic transformation of
cereals was based on the introduction of DNA into protoplasts and subsequent
callus production for the regeneration of fertile plants. The application and
prospects of plant tissue culture and transformation technology in wheat for
introducing resistance against fungal and viral diseases and abiotic
constraints and improving nutritional quality are reviewed in this paper.
The maintenance of
genetic diversity is essential in a breeding program to ensure sustainable
production. Plant breeders have extensively leveraged genetic variation from
different gene pools to improve genetic diversity. Hence there is a need to
look for an alternative advanced and cost-effective strategy for genetic
enrichment of the gene pool and allelic diversification to overcome the
limitations of narrow and uniform genetic variations. As a strategy,
integrating tissue culture techniques with plant biotechnology and breeding
programs offers significant potential for increasing crop genetic diversity.
Many years ago, these strategies were exploited to manipulate genetic
variability and create genetic diversity to enrich the available genetic pool
and make it desirable for a plant breeder to use for crop improvement, Plant
tissue culture includes a culture of the cell protoplast, anther and microspore
(immature pollen grain), ovary and ovules, and embryo, which features genetic
and epigenetic variation in the breeding material. Such in vitro culture
methods exploit all the available genetic variability and reduce the period of
the breeding program to develop tolerant and resistant genotypes Primarily,
plant tissue culture is used in vegetatively propagated crops and
self-pollinated crops, especially with narrower genetic bases. As an example,
being an autogamous crop, wheat potentially possesses a narrow genetic base as
the chances of the natural generation of genetic variation are about 3–5% due
to its rare outcrossing actions. Therefore, in vitro techniques can be a
potential solution for manipulating the desired trait, enriching the genetic
base, and recovering desirable variation
Physical and chemical
mutagens, epigenetic agents such as DNA demethylases, and histone deacetylase
inhibitors, in combination with in vitro techniques, are most frequently used
for genetic rearrangement and epigenetic reprogramming through the induction of
mutations, DNA and histone methylation, and histone acetylation Likewise, the
advanced genome editing approach, along with plant tissue culture and
Agrobacterium transformation, has emerged as the most promising alternative for
the genetic manipulation of traits of interest CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease-mediated
genome editing can precisely edit genes or any part of the plant genome to
improve critical agronomic traits. However, traditional wheat breeding can
achieve the same goal, but it can take up to 7–10 years compared to seeing the
benefits of CRISPR technology in considerably less time In this regard,
breeding new wheat varieties to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses
represents one of the breeders’ significant challenges. For decades, breeding
strategies have included selection, hybridization, mutation induction using
chemical and physical agents, and somaclonal variation
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