Transformation gen for Agroculture
Nama : Arya Wira Wardhana
NPM : 21025010035
Class : A
Transformation gen for agriculture
Genetic Transformation
Process, Several stages are carried out in the process of genetic
transformation, including: transgene insertion, transgene integration into the
plant genome, and expression of transgenes integrated in the genome. The
transgene insertion stage requires a method so that the transgene can be
inserted into plant cells. When the transgene has entered the plant cell, it is
necessary to ensure that the transgene must be completely integrated into the
plant genome. Next, the integrated transgene will be co-expressed with the
plant gene expression. At that stage, the transcribed DNA will become RNA and
the protein encoded by the gene will be formed through the translation process.
If a gene is successfully transcribed and translated, it can be said that the
gene has functioned. There are several ways to perform the insertion method
including. Microprojectile bombardment. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
(Agrobacterium-assisted transformation method) Electroporation Silicon
carbide-mediated transformation (transformation with silicon carbide media) Microprojectile
bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation are two methods that are
used more frequently than others. This is because both methods have advantages,
including producing fertile transgenic plants, being relatively cheap and easy
to carry out, and transgenes inserted into the plant genome can be passed on to
their progeny based on Mendel's law.
Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation method
This method, involves the
use of a plant pathogen called Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The pathogen causes
crown gall disease in many species because it has a non-chromosomal DNA plasmid
containing a tumor-inducing gene (T-DNA) as well as additional genes that help
the T-DNA integrate into the host genome. Before that, Agrobacterium needs to
be stripped down so as not to make the plant sick by removing most of the DNA
and leaving the left, as well as right border sequences that integrate the
foreign genes into the genome of the cultivated plant cells. The following is
the procedure for plant transformation using Agrobacterium. Development of
Agrobacterium carrying a co-integrating or binary vector with the desired gene.
Identifying suitable explants, e.g. cells, protoplasts, tissues, calluses,
organs. Co-culture of explants with
Agrobacterium. Killing Agrobacterium
with appropriate antibiotics without damaging plant tissue. Selection of transformed plant cells. Regeneration
of the whole plant.
Microprojectile
bombardment or gene gun method
This method involves
firing gold particles carrying foreign DNA into plant cells. The particles pass
through the plant cell wall and enter the cell nucleus (where the transgene is
incorporated into the plant chromosome). The presence of gene transfer
techniques is expected to create plants that can withstand diseases, pests, and
herbicides, thus increasing production yields. The production of genetic
transformation is a GMO (genetically modified organism) product. An example of
the results of genetic transformation, namely golden rice. In this case, the genome of the rice plant is
inserted with the Phytoene synthase gene (psy) derived from the Lycopene
cyclase gene (crt1). Therefore, the Phytoene synthase (psy) gene can increase
beta carotene. Beta carotene itself is known to be a precursor of vitamin A so
that it can produce more vitamin A. Therefore, this is very beneficial for
people with vitamin A deficiency. Despite the benefits, increasing vigilance in
consuming GMO products is necessary. Although to date, no cases have been found
of GMO consumption causing illness or death.
Komentar
Posting Komentar