Transformation gen for Agroculture

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Nama : Arya Wira Wardhana

NPM : 21025010035

Class : A

 

Transformation gen for agriculture

Genetic Transformation Process, Several stages are carried out in the process of genetic transformation, including: transgene insertion, transgene integration into the plant genome, and expression of transgenes integrated in the genome. The transgene insertion stage requires a method so that the transgene can be inserted into plant cells. When the transgene has entered the plant cell, it is necessary to ensure that the transgene must be completely integrated into the plant genome. Next, the integrated transgene will be co-expressed with the plant gene expression. At that stage, the transcribed DNA will become RNA and the protein encoded by the gene will be formed through the translation process. If a gene is successfully transcribed and translated, it can be said that the gene has functioned. There are several ways to perform the insertion method including. Microprojectile bombardment. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Agrobacterium-assisted transformation method) Electroporation Silicon carbide-mediated transformation (transformation with silicon carbide media) Microprojectile bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation are two methods that are used more frequently than others. This is because both methods have advantages, including producing fertile transgenic plants, being relatively cheap and easy to carry out, and transgenes inserted into the plant genome can be passed on to their progeny based on Mendel's law.



Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method

This method, involves the use of a plant pathogen called Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The pathogen causes crown gall disease in many species because it has a non-chromosomal DNA plasmid containing a tumor-inducing gene (T-DNA) as well as additional genes that help the T-DNA integrate into the host genome. Before that, Agrobacterium needs to be stripped down so as not to make the plant sick by removing most of the DNA and leaving the left, as well as right border sequences that integrate the foreign genes into the genome of the cultivated plant cells. The following is the procedure for plant transformation using Agrobacterium. Development of Agrobacterium carrying a co-integrating or binary vector with the desired gene. Identifying suitable explants, e.g. cells, protoplasts, tissues, calluses, organs.  Co-culture of explants with Agrobacterium.  Killing Agrobacterium with appropriate antibiotics without damaging plant tissue.  Selection of transformed plant cells. Regeneration of the whole plant.

Microprojectile bombardment or gene gun method

This method involves firing gold particles carrying foreign DNA into plant cells. The particles pass through the plant cell wall and enter the cell nucleus (where the transgene is incorporated into the plant chromosome). The presence of gene transfer techniques is expected to create plants that can withstand diseases, pests, and herbicides, thus increasing production yields. The production of genetic transformation is a GMO (genetically modified organism) product. An example of the results of genetic transformation, namely golden rice.  In this case, the genome of the rice plant is inserted with the Phytoene synthase gene (psy) derived from the Lycopene cyclase gene (crt1). Therefore, the Phytoene synthase (psy) gene can increase beta carotene. Beta carotene itself is known to be a precursor of vitamin A so that it can produce more vitamin A. Therefore, this is very beneficial for people with vitamin A deficiency. Despite the benefits, increasing vigilance in consuming GMO products is necessary. Although to date, no cases have been found of GMO consumption causing illness or death.


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